Interpersonal communication kory floyd 3rd edition pdf free download

Burgoon, University of Arizona, and Laura K. Guerrero, Arizona State University. This book explores contemporary research on the biological and physiological foundations of human communication. The book is co-edited by Michael J. Beatty, University of Miami, and the late James C. McCroskey, West Virginia University. This book, co-authored with Alan C. Mikkelson, Whitworth University, and Colin Hesse, Oregon State University, introduces readers to a physiological approach to understanding human communication.

In this book, I review contemporary theory and scholarship related to the communication of affection, and I introduce my own theory, Affection Exchange Theory. This book describes and critiques contemporary research on nonverbal behavior in the context of close relationships. It simply acknowledges that the self-serving bias, the fundamen- tal attribution error, and overattribution are easy mistakes to commit.

Learn It: What does it mean to say that attributions vary according to locus, sta- bility, and controllability? How are the self-serving bias, the fundamental attribution error, and overattribution examples of attribution errors? Try It: For one week, keep a list of all the attributions you give to someone else about something you have done. At the end of the week, go back through your list, and evaluate each attribution for accuracy. How many were accurate? Were any of your attributions overly negative?

With which group s of people would you be most likely to make overattributions? Why do you gists William Schweinle, Wil- regarding the female patient suppose overattribution liam Ickes, and Ira Bernstein to look for evidence of over- of criticism is related to recruited 86 married men to attribution bias.

In particular, how verbally aggressive a report on their tendencies to the raters looked to see how man is? After writing researchers calculated a score or parent-child pairs. As predicted, the basis of overattribu- they found that the more tion are often incorrect, a man overattributed though. Empathic inaccuracy in husband to wife aggres- tendency causes sion: The overattribution bias. Personal verbal aggression.

Relationships, 9, — Here are three common errors: Self-serving bias We attribute our successes to internal causes and our failures to external causes. Overattribution We focus on one characteristic of a person and attribute a wide variety of behaviors to that characteristic.

We stereotype people. We assume they think the same ways we do. We attribute all their behaviors Most of the mistakes in to one or two characteristics.

On the cies of perception rather positive side, however, despite all those limitations, we can do a better job of it if we know how. Improving our than mistakes of logic. Next, it British psychologist involves checking the accuracy of our perceptions. Be- fore we examine these steps, though, imagine yourself in the following situation. Dmitri grew up in Greece, went to college in Canada, and has been living in the United States since he graduated.

Min is also friendly, but she communicates with others in a more formal, reserved manner. You have seen him do the same with several other people as well; Dmitri is a very gregarious person.

Alternatively, is Min falsely accusing Dmitri of harassment because she is angry at not getting the promotion? Or are both parties at fault? Nevertheless, as we have already observed, we can all work to improve our perceptual ability. This pro- cess begins with being mindful of the perceptions we form. Know yourself.

Conversely, if you were raised in a high-power-distance culture that values hierarchy and discour- ages the questioning of authority, you might be more likely to perceive that Min is overreacting and needlessly causing problems.

Remember that your physiological states and traits can also shape your percep- tions. That could lead you to select, organize, and interpret only those clues that support your initial perception and to ignore any in- formation that does not. Your experiences with previous jobs could also bias your perceptions of Dmitri and Min by creating a perceptual set.

In either case, your experiences would have created a perceptual set that shaped the perceptions you formed. When we observe interactions between people from our own culture, our shared knowledge about cultural norms enables us to perceive and interpret their behaviors with relative ease. When we observe interactions be- tween people from other cultures, however, we are more likely to misinterpret their behaviors.

Or perhaps you stereotype Asian women even those raised in the United States as being accommodating and respectful of authority. Neither of those stereotypes may actually be valid. Nevertheless, to the extent that you hold stereotyped beliefs that are relevant to Dmitri or Min, those beliefs can color the way you perceive the situation.

Consider the context. Positivity and negativity biases can also shape your perceptions. If you really like Min and have always gotten along well with her, then you might be inclined to believe only positive things about her. This inclination could easily bias you toward believing her side of the story and concluding that Dmitri had, in fact, harassed her.

In other words, the context itself limited the information that you could select for attention. After you have considered which factors led you to form a particular perception, the next step is to check the accuracy of that perception.

Separate interpretations from facts. Dragnet was a radio and television police drama that debuted in the early s. Its main character, Sgt. Technically, none of them is. Rather, they are all interpretations, because they all assign meaning to what you observed.

If all three of your perceptions were subjective interpretations, then what are the facts here? The essential fact is that you saw Dmitri put his arm around the woman and kiss her on the cheek. Perhaps you also noticed other clues that helped you arrive at your interpretation, such as what occurred right before or how the customer reacted. The point is that describing what you actually saw or heard is not the same thing as interpreting it.

If we are to check the accuracy of our perceptions, we must start by separating what we heard or saw from the interpretation we assigned it. Generate alternative perceptions. Once you have assigned meaning to an event, ask yourself what other meanings or interpretations you might have come up with.

A better approach is to look for alternative ways of perceiving the situation, even if they contradict your initial perception. Your observations of Dmitri and Min, for example, might lead you to perceive that Min is accusing Dmitri of harassment only out of anger at not getting the promo- tion. What are alternative ways of perceiving the situation?

Are there others? Perhaps Dmitri feels threatened by Min and worries that he might put his own job in jeopardy by promoting her. Perhaps Min and Dmitri have had a contentious relationship for a long time.

The practice of generating alternative perceptions is important for two reasons. In contrast, to generate an alternative percep- tion, you would have to take those observations into account.

If you knew they used to be a romantic couple but had an emotional breakup just a few months before you started working at the store, that information might give you a more accurate context for interpreting their behaviors toward each other. Once you have separated interpretations from facts and have considered alterna- tive ways of perceiving the situation, you can engage in direct and indirect forms of perception checking.

Engage in perception-checking behaviors. Perception checking is the process of test- ing your perceptions for accuracy. You can engage in either direct or indirect means of percep- tion checking. Direct perception checking involves simply asking other people if your perception of a situation is accurate. Direct perception checking involves three elements: 1. Acknowledging the behavior you witnessed 2. Interpreting that behavior 3. Is that true?

By contrast, indirect perception checking involves listening and observing in or- der to seek additional information about the situation. Neither direct nor indirect perception checking will provide foolproof results ev- ery time.

As we saw, asking people if your perceptions are correct is useful only if they are willing to tell you. The last step in improving your perceptual ability is to make use of this infor- mation by revisiting your perceptions and revising them, if necessary. After you learn that she has no ex- stance, that friends you have listening to one speech, for ex- perience. Or a customer comes into home from a long and tiring in proved otherwise, your store, and after taking retreat.

In many situations, though. Going further, fairly well. As one example, perhaps you initially perceived that Min was being dishonest and vindictive by accusing Dmitri of harassment, but after you dug a little deeper into the situation, you discovered that Dmitri did, in fact, harass Min. Improving our perceptual ability, therefore, involves two major strategies. Second, we have to check that perception by separating facts from interpreta- tions, considering alternative perceptions, engaging in direct and indirect perception checking, and revising our perception if necessary.

With practice, these skills, which are represented in Figure 4. What clues ones to ignore. When you perception? Over necessarily make your per- feeling a little torn. More information check your perceptions by accuracy. Try It: Distorted or inaccurate perceptions often provide the basis for comedy story lines. Current jobs Favorite job growing up Worst childhood memory Best childhood memory Favorite recent book Favorite TV show Places I love I can still recall how my family reacted when I said I wanted to study communication.

You already. As it turns out, a lot of other people feel the way my relatives do. Because each of us communicates. How do we explain the popularity of online support. I want to. Importantly, I strive to meet those priorities while speaking to students in a way that interests them. Deployed servicemen watch the birth of their children live via Skype. College students organize rallies. Adults given up for adoption as infants use Facebook to find.

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